Application Notes

Here Kingfisher's experienced engineers share their experience in best practices and procedures for fiber optic testing related mostly to installation and maintenance. We hope that by sharing our knowledge, we will help grow our industry. Please enjoy & pass on these notes. Alternatively, browse Standards related Test Procedures, Equipment & Reporting

Which loss measurement wavelengths do I need?

Introduction

Fiber optic loss testing is usually performed at expected current and future operating wavelengths, since optical loss can vary widely across the range of potential operating wavelengths.

Fiber Type	Most common operating λ nm	Common operating λ nm	Typical loss tests λ nm	Source Type	Other λ nm	Out of band loss tests λ nm
Plastic 1 mm	650	660	650	LED
PCS 200u	650	850	650 / 850	LED
Glass multimode 50/125, 62.5/125	850	1300	850 / 1300	LED	1270 - 1610 CWDM
Glass single mode 9.5/125, Traditional	1310	1550	1310 / 1550	Laser		>1580
Glass single mode 9.5/125, DWDM	C band 1525 - 1565	L band 1570 - 1610	1550 / 1610	Laser	S band ≈ 1420 - 1530	1625
Glass single mode 9.5/125, CWDM	1310, 1490, 1550	1270 - 1610	1310, 1490, 1550	Laser	1383	1625

It has been standard practice for many years to perform single mode fiber tests at 1550 nm (in addition to 1310 nm), to help find identify cabling stress points. Typically, a kinked cable may pass at 1310 nm, but fail at 1550 nm or beyond.

Laser sources are unsuitable for work on multimode fiber, since very unstable power meter fiber optic power readings are obtained. For optimum multimode accuracy, a mandrel wrap and a LED source with standards compliant characteristics are required.

DWDM

C band systems may only be loss tested at 1550 nm. C & L band systems are typically loss tested at 1550 / 1625 nm. The S band is currently somewhat ill-defined, and may run into the fiber water absorption peak, so loss measurement will need to be at the shortest relevant wavelength, and 1550 nm.

CWDM

Attenuation in CWDM systems is usually measured at only a few wavelengths and varies quite substantially depending on the application and fiber type. The water absorption peak at 1383 nm may require evaluating, and a selected "1383 nm" laser is needed for this task. Most current systems avoid the water peak wavelength area due to this potential loss problem. Loss checking of passive CWDM channel filters requires specific CWDM compliant light sources.

"Out of band" single mode

Has been traditionally specified as "1625" nm. This has traditionally used Fabry-Perot lasers with poor spectral accuracy. New DFB lasers have much better properties for this application, since their actual operating wavelength is more tightly controlled (see table below). For true WDM compliance, the out of band wavelength must be <1620 nm.
There is also an emerging class of "1650" nm OTDRs, however their usually poor wavelength accuracy and high cost makes them less useful.

Nominal center λ	Laser Type	Center λ Tolerance @ 25 °C	Center λ Range @ 25 °C	Typ Center λ / °C coefficient	Center λ Range 0 - 50 °C	Typ λ Width FWHM, nm	Total λ Range 0 - 50 °C, FWHM	Power meter detector type
1310 nm	Fabry-Perot	± 30 nm	1280 - 1340	± 0.4	1270 - 1350	3	1268.5 - 1351.5	Ge or InGaAs
1550 nm	Fabry-Perot	± 30 nm	1520 - 1580	± 0.4	1510 - 1590	3	1508.5 - 1591.5	Ge or InGaAs
CWDM	DFB	± 3 nm	1270 - 1610 nm	± 0.1	±5.5 nm	0.1		InGaAs
1610 nm	DFB	± 3 nm	1607 - 1613	± 0.1	1604.5 - 1615.5	0.1	1604.5 - 1615.5	InGaAs
1625 nm	DFB	± 5 nm	1620 - 1630	± 0.1	1617.5 - 1632.5	0.1	1617.5 - 1632.5	InGaAs
1625 nm	Fabry-Perot	± 30 nm	1595 - 1655	± 0.4	1585 - 1665	3	1583.5 - 1667.5	InGaAs
1650 nm	Fabry-Perot	± 30 nm	1620 - 1680	± 0.4	1610 - 1690	3	1608.5 - 1691.5	InGaAs

This illustrative graph shows how typical single mode fiber attenuation varies with wavelength. It may not be exactly accurate
Modern fibers may have a negligible water absorption peak at 1.38 µ
Wavelength uncertainly of tests above 1600 nm can have a major impact on loss measurement.

Fiber-Spectral-Loss-history